Reformation or Re-Formation

In the discussion of the Reformation, we begged the question reform or re-form? It really depends. Are we talking about the Catholic Church improving itself or the Protestant churches that were formed during the sixteenth century? Why were these churches formed? They are called Protestant for a reason; however, it must be determined what they were protesting.  The hypocrisy and absolute authority of the papacy must be included in any list. This is especially true when discussing the formation of the Anglican Church and the quarrel between Henry VIII and Clement VII. Of course, the religious scene in England changes repeatedly during the Tudor Dynasty, something that may be of interest to those wanting to pass the class -- ahem!.

The Church was not necessarily a holy place; however, it did attempt to change. The Council of Trent was almost 20 years in length and served as a reaffirmation of Catholic beliefs during the early modern period. The Catholic Reformation also saw the strengthening of some religious orders and the formation of others, most importantly, the Jesuits -- ahem!

As I promised, attached is the BBC article regarding the head of King Henry IV (of Navarre) in France. He was the Huguenot turned Catholic turned Huguenot turned Catholic king who issued the Edict of Nantes for religious toleration. "Head" This Way

One last thing, not discussed in class. The art scene that develops around Europe during the sixteenth century out of the Renaissance genre is Mannerism. Usually paintings that are considered mannerist contain elongated forms, precariously balanced poses, a collapsed perspective, irrational settings, and theatrical lighting. In other words, it was a blatant perversion of the balance and harmony struck in Renaissance artwork, which copied off the classics. Michelangelo's later works are generally considered mannerist works.

What to know: Changes of English Religion, Martin Luther, Calvin & Predestination, Jesuits, Reasons for the successes of Protestant movements